Saturday, April 24, 2021

Chapter 6 Review Answers


  • What design features of that machine are relevant to modern computer architectures? By changing the program i. The idea of a programmable machine was later adopted by Babbage for his Analytical Engine and eventually led to modern, programmable...
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  • It was claimed that the ENIAC was programmable, but programming it to perform a different task required rewiring and reconfiguring the physical components of the machine. Describe how the adoption of the von Neumann architecture allowed for...
    Link: https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1728056/degree-of-a-morphism-from-a-curve-to-mathbb-p1-mathbb-c-explicit-descripti
  • The ability to mass-produce computer chips that contained all of the circuitry necessary to perform tasks e. What was the first personal computer and when was it first marketed? The Altair was a computer kit that required assembly by the user, and had no keyboard, no monitor, and no permanent storage. The user entered instructions directly by flipping switches on the console and viewed output as blinking lights. Describe two innovations introduced by Apple Computer in the late s and early s.
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  • The Apple II, released in , was the first preassembled personal computer that included a keyboard, color monitor, sound, and graphics. The Apple Macintosh, released in , introduced the now familiar graphical user interface of windows, icons, pulldown menus, and a mouse pointer. Each generation of computers resulted in machines that were cheaper, faster, and thus accessible to more people.
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  • How did this trend affect the development of programming languages? As computers became cheaper and more accessible to companies and individuals, it was necessary to simplify their use so that people other than engineers could manage them. Assembly languages were the first step in making programming easier, followed by highlevel languages that allowed non-technical people to control computer execution. Two of the technological advances described in this chapter were so influential that they earned their inventors a Nobel Prize in Physics.
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  • Identify the inventions and inventors. Jack Kilby received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the development of integrated circuits.
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  • The first chapter in this series relates to business strategic planning. The first three methods are tried-and-true so they will be discussed further below. It is not about command and precision planning by senior executives. It also has the advantages of being proactive, continuous, and diverse by involving many people from all parts of the organization and at all levels of management to participate. In short this approach was the predecessor to Agile approaches.
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  • From a process standpoint the competing-on-the-edge approach to strategic business planning is managed to be just at the edge of chaos. It has very little structure, plans are developed just in time and consistent with industry trends and the pace of competitive offerings, as well as the rhythm of product extinctions and substitutions within your own firm. If done right the result is a continuous flow of competitive advantages from a continuous series of business strategies. Many experienced operations managers look at strategic planning with an appropriately jaundiced eye. The best way to circumvent this viewpoint is to put together strategic plans just as you would a good sales call.
    Link: https://blog.hildenco.com/2018/10/tips-for-passing-psd-exam.html
  • The second element to think about before jumping into business strategic planning is to remember that people buy from people. If senior management does not value and trust the insight and wisdom of the individuals putting a plan together, a plan is likely to be met with skepticism and not implemented rapidly. It goes without saying that having senior individuals as part of the planning team are critical to its success at being adopted. As a note of caution, be careful when senior management team members transfer in and out of an organization. When they do, the expectations of what a strategic plan is may change. The fourth element is that people make emotional buying decisions for logical reasons. The logical basis most frequently used to justify investment in new business development is growth in revenues and profits.
    Link: https://youtube.com/watch?v=XtL-OqO24nA
  • To do so is simply a waste of business resources. The next element is to remember that the correct use of power is key. Drawing many individuals into the strategic planning process when the return is likely to be modest, can be met with criticism. Far too often planning assumptions that are deeply researched mixed with others that are top-of-the-head assumptions. A strategic plan is only as good as its weakest assumption. This means getting access to someone senior enough in an organization to carry the plan out. The latter requires creating a vision and a compelling reason to change. Therefore strategic plans need to go together in a way that management can see. Plans need to be actionable and implementable. They were cost leadership, differentiation, focus, and stuck in the middle. As a way to understand competitive advantage, Porter describes how competitive advantage can come from carefully defining the value chain surrounding a product. He advocates various competitive strategies based on the vertical linkages up-and-down the value chain from your position, the value chain product scope, the value chain geographic scope, the industry scope and coalitions.
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  • So how can leaders translate the complexity of strategy into guidelines that are simple and flexible enough to execute? This observation comes from the fact that a series of strategy experts have argued that managers should distill their strategy to a concise statement less than 35 words summarizing a few core choices. However, that this approach only works best with companies that have relatively straightforward strategies to begin with.
    Link: https://scribd.com/document/18018008/Chapter-11-Exam-Answers
  • Instead of trying to summarize their strategy in a pithy statement, managers should translate it into a handful of actions the company must take to execute that strategy over the medium term. To set the strategic agenda and drive implementation effectively, it has been found that strategic priorities need to balance guidance with flexibility, counterbalance the inertia of business as usual, and unify disparate parts of the business. Crafting strategic priorities that do all of these things — and do them well — is a tall order. A few comments however are worth making. First, the number of priorities should be between Second, strategic priorities must provide concrete guidance to the troops. By contrast, Southwest Airline strategic initiatives were concrete enough to provide action and investments. Third, executives rightly focus on how to craft a great strategy, but often pay less attention to how their strategy can be implemented throughout a complex organization.
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  • To steer activity in the right direction, strategy should be translated into a handful of guardrails that provide a threshold level of guidance while leaving scope for adaptation as circumstances change. In that book he contrasts strategy versus destiny. Destiny is an archaic idea of a fixed and inevitable future. Strategy, in contrast, is a modern idea, of an open-ended future to be determined by it. In reality the two ideas exist in perpetual tension. But if the strategy shapes destiny, destiny has ways of asserting itself in constraining strategy. New sources of strategy create the possibility of future destiny, and help the company evolve. Strategic Plans vs. Strategic Architecture There are many strategic planning consultants, each having their own model for how to best use strategic planning. Each of these planning methodologies has similarities and the differences.
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  • Examining these two models, it is seen that the vision and mission are fully explored in the strategic architecture framework. As in the traditional strategic planning framework, the strategic architecture framework loos at leadership, culture and values, structural systems, and core competencies. Additionally, in the strategic architecture model one also thinks about 1 the quality of the intellectual leadership of the corporation which we will discuss later in our human resources section , 2 the management of the migration path between what is today and the future, and finally 3 competition for market share. Although more detailed, the key differences between the two is that crafting a strategic architecture requires utilizing a much more expansive view of industry, technology, customers, and corporate staff. Consulting companies have variants on these two approaches.
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  • Some strategic plans also have a skills agenda which really is about building the core competency and leveraging capabilities. Others put this into the visions and strategy framework. Likewise there is usually an administrative strategy to provide the infrastructure to achieve the products and services that the company hopes to build. The strategy also oftentimes involves incrementally improving the core administrative processes. Project Selection Criteria vs. One knows the current market capitalization of the company from the shares outstanding and the stock price. From stock market analyst expectations the expected stock price over years to come can be derived. Assuming that the overall corporate returns will be at the same return on sales as today, one can calculate from the analyst expectations the revenues required per year over the next decade.
    Link: https://blog.e2language.com/ielts-reading-strategy-for-success/
  • Analysis of this graphic allows the senior management team to look at the upper line of revenues over years according to what the analysts are expecting and compare that viewpoint to their own internal viewpoint, and see whether those expectations are going to be met or not. Large companies then look at the operating strategic plans of the existing business units. These plans are the ones shown in green box and in the lower triangle of the graph.
    Link: http://ihi.org/education/IHIOpenSchool/Courses/Pages/SubscriptionInformation.aspx?_hsenc=p2ANqtz--XtCQARo2rHRdrxtLIWCdbOnMmV0_StCCtf2egUT_lEbynDuTf26OdwMjhGQiHQ0-J4CNU
  • This organic sustaining, incremental, or Horizon one work depending on industry jargon , can be predicted with a high degree of certainty. Growth that comes from initiatives such as new products, services, geographic expansion, management changes, and operational improvements causes the green shaded area to increase over time. However, this often still leaves a significant amount of revenue growth yet unaccounted for, particularly in the out-years. The next step for senior management team is to then look at how one can fill the remaining gap with next-generation, Horizon 2, or translational and transforming new products and services.
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  • This work is shown by the blue box and blue shaded area in the Figure. What typically happens is again the gap has narrowed. The last gap is in the Figure is usually assigned to a breakthrough, Horizon 3, scope-change or step-out business development or venture group work. Project Selection Characteristics Planning in this manner is extremely helpful for those involved in innovation management. Looking at the business needs according to what is required to meet analyst expectations sets the stage for purposeful strategic planning. The final scope changing work provides highly valued breakthrough businesses that will really change the market capitalization of the corporation in the many years to come.
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  • Knowing that strategic planning from an innovation management standpoint can be broken up into these three broad categories allows one to use the appropriate strategic planning methodology for each of these three areas. Many times this distinction is not made clear to a management team and a single methodology is used to solve both the need for a grant organic translational and scope changing growth. This results in a strategic plan that is unfocused and unlikely to yield optimal results.
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  • Firewall regulates data between an untrusted and trusted networks. The data enters from an untrusted network to a firewall and the firewall filters the data, preventing suspicion data from entering the network. Will any specific transaction usually involve both types of packets? A TCP send a data packet and then reports back to the sender about the status of the transfer while UDP is more interested in speed and does not report back to the sender. I would personally prefer TCP. How is an application layer firewall different from a packet-filtering firewall? Why is an application layer firewall sometimes called a proxy server? A packet filtering firewall checks packets for the allowed destination, source and port address information. An application layer firewall may be called a proxy server because it utilizes some software application that act as proxies. How is static filtering different from dynamic filtering of packets?
    Link: https://youtube.com/watch?v=fv05clj5bo0
  • Which is perceived to offer improved security? Static filtering has are installed with specific rules while dynamic filtering is perceived a more secure as they are intelligent and can amend the rules by themselves. What is stateful inspection? How is state information maintained during a network connection or transaction? Stateful inspection keeps an eye on external and internal connections to a network. It keeps track of the system by keeping a table of the states. What is a circuit gateway, and how does it differ from the other forms of firewalls? A circuit gateway operates at the transport layer level. It is used to prevent direct connection between two different networks. What special function does a cache server perform?
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  • Why is this useful for larger organizations? A cache server stores frequently used web pages and returns them on user request from the local computer. It saves internet bandwidth for organization and provides a quick loading of the cached pages. Describe how the various types of firewalls interact with the network traffic at various levels of the OSI model. These firewalls include packet filtering, dynamic filtering, static filtering and stateful inspection filtering. They work on transport level and prevent the network from external threats. What is a hybrid firewall? A hybrid firewall is that kind of firewall that is used to combine other kinds of firewall like packet filtering firewall and proxy servers firewalls.
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  • List the five generations of firewall technology. Which generations are still in common use? Five generation for firewall technology are, static packet filtering, application level firewalls, inspection firewalls, dynamic packet filtering firewalls and kernel proxy. Almost all of them are in common use depending on the needs of a network. How does a commercial-grade firewall appliance differ from a commercial-grade firewall system? Why is this difference significant? Firewall appliances may feature as a general computer and is a standalone combination of computing hardware and software while a commercial grade firewall system is the actual software application that runs on a general purpose computer.
    Link: https://collins.co.uk/pages/elt-english-for-exams

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